BlueHost Web Hosting Package

Following up on my previous post about Bluehost’s SSH services, listed below are some of the common commands in for SSH.

ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
ls -al : shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.

cd : change directory · · cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
cd ~ : go to your home directory
cd - : go to the last directory you were in
cd .. : go up a directory

cat : print file contents to the screen
cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen

tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it’s being updated
tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen

more : like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file.
hit Space to go to the next page, q to quit

pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

grep : looks for patterns in files
grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root

touch : create an empty file
touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/

ln : create’s “links” between files and directories
ln -s /home/username/tmp/webalizer webstats: Now you can display http://www.yourdomain.com/webstats to show your webalizer stats online. You can delete the symlink (webstats) and it will not delete the original stats on the server.

rm : delete a file
rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!

last : shows who logged in and when
last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field

w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.

netstat : shows all current network connections.
netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.

top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn’t bogged down.
top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage

ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It’s used to show currently running processes and their PID.
A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
ps aux : shows all system processes
ps aux –forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that’s very useful!

file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it’s content.
file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory

du : shows disk usage.
du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.

wc : word count
wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt

cp : copy a file
cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.
find * -type d|xargs -i cp –verbose php.ini {} : copies your php.ini file into all directories recursively.

kill: terminate a system process
kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
kill PID EG: kill 10550
Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)

EG:

PID TTY TIME COMMAND
10550 pts/3 0:01 /bin/csh
10574 pts/4 0:02 /bin/csh
10590 pts/4 0:09 APP

Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.

Putting commands together
Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.
> means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
>> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
< send input from a file back into a command.

grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more
This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.

last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp
This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/

tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more
This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents ‘anything’,
– comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.

netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l
Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)

mysqladmin processlist |wc -l
Show how many current open connections there are to mysql

mysqldump -u username -p dbname > file.sql
MySQL Dump

tar -zxvf file.tar.gz
UnTAR file

mysql -u username -p database_name Importing MySQL database

which [perl]
Finding path to [perl]

These codes are quoted from Bluehost’s Helpdesk - thus in case you have questions about them, it’s best to refer back to Bluehost technical supports.

Yes, you can always use SSH services for secure connection at Bluehost. However, SSH services are not enabled by default at Bluehost. In order to begin using SSH functions, you’ll need to submit a copy of your photo identification card via email or uploads via cPanel. On top of Bluehost’s admin approval, you’ll also need to manage SSH keys for automated SSH login.

Connection to SSH Shell at Bluehost

To start using SSH services, here’s what you do:

1. Click on the connect button. It is the first one from the left.

2. Enter in Hostname. (your domain name with out the www.) and your username. Highlight password when you’re done.

3. Click Connect and enter your password when you’re prompted to do so.

What’s SSH and why should I care?

Personally I don’t use much SSH services but it’s indeed a very useful function. A SSH or sometimes known as secure shell is a kind of network that enables data exchange done in a safe channel.

The reason for SSH to exist is simple: Security. Internet is an open space that’s so vulnerable to malicious attacks - eavesdropping for passwords or sensitive information; hijacking messages to inspect and modify transmitted data; and faking network addresses to fool access control mechanisms or redirect connections to a fake server - these are all the common disaster we heard (or experienced!) about all the time. Using SSH protects you against all of these attacks.

Common SSH application: SFTP

In web hosting, SSH services are mostly used as secured file transfer protocol (SFTP). To transfer your data files between Bluehost server and your local machines, all you need to is as below:

1. Download an FTP program that support Secure FTP.
2. Enable SSH/Shell access on your account by submitting your identification card.
3. Log into your SFTP program using port 22.

Don’t be surprise if you can’t see a thing when you click on Awstats or Webalizer in Bluehost cPanel. Stats reporting is not done automatically like last time. Now, Web stats must be enabled and saved before getting your site tracked.

To do this, go to ‘Choose Log Program’ in your Bluehost cpanel. Check the boxes for the stats you wish to track on each domain, click save changes when you’re done. Stats reporting will be visible after 24 hours, you can then view the statistics by logging back into cPanel.

Web stats function in Bluehost

In brief, here are what can you get at Bluehost’s web statistic report (mainly via Awstats and Webalizer):

• Updated website statistical reports in every 24 hours.
• Updated website bandwidth usage information in every 6 hours.

For current Bluehost users, a point worth noting is that Analog stats in Bluehost have been deprecated. The system will still function if you currently have Analog Stats enabled, however you cannot enable them for additional domains.

Imagine this: You’re so keen to start your website and finally makeup your mind with Bluehost, you search for the right domain name, fill up all the hosting/billing issues, and make your payment.

Obviously, the next thing comes into mind is how soon you can get your hosting account running after the payment is done. Who wants to wait more for a product that you’d already purchased?

Starting a new website at Bluehost

Question is, how long does it take to get a new website to go live at Bluehost?

Basically Bluehost will have your website online the same day you purchase your hosting.

The hosting account will be installed within the first hour of your order and you will receive the hosting account information via email. At this point, you’re ready to get started - start uploading web files, installing web apps, and so on to get your website running.

Nevertheless, the website DNS might take a little longer to process. Depending on whether it is a new registration or a domain transfer, DNS might takes 24 - 48 hours to be fully sorted out.

Thus it would be wise to expect a day or two for the website to be visible in front of your users.

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server - for example, a web server.

In contrast with a plain HTML document that the Web daemon retrieves is static, CGI program is executed in real-time for dynamic information output.

Generally, web servers (including Bluehost) often have a cgi-bin directory at the base of the directory tree to hold executable files called with CGI.

Implementation of CGI

An instant example on the usage of CGI quoted from NCSA.

For example, let’s say that you wanted to “hook up” your Unix database to the World Wide Web, to allow people from all over the world to query it. Basically, you need to create a CGI program that the Web daemon will execute to transmit information to the database engine, and receive the results back again and display them to the client. This is an example of a gateway, and this is where CGI, currently version 1.1, got its origins.

Does Bluehost limit CGI script usage?

No, as long as the CGI scripts are not harmful to the web servers, there’s no limitation on your CGI scripts usage at Bluehost.

One big advantage of Bluehost is that they offer two auto-install scripts services instead of one. By hosting with Bluehost, you’ll get free auto installation services by both Fantastico and Simple Scripts.

What’s Fantastico?

Fantastico is a well known script library that automates the installation of web applications to a website. Generally, Fantastico services are executed from the cPanel at Bluehost. At the time of writing, Fantastico’s officials claims that the auto-install scripts services are installed on ten thousand servers, with a million users worldwide, which would make it the leading product of its type.

Fantastico Library

What’s Simple Script?

SimpleScripts is the new name in town that offer the same services as Fantastico. SimpleScripts officials claim that their service works faster and covers more web scripts in their library.

A huge plus point on SimpleScripts is that the service works perfectly well on cPanel and Plesk; whereas Fantastico works only with cPanel.

Simple Scripts Library

Advantages of Fantastico and SimpleScripts

Installation/updating of blog/CMS software like WordPress and Joomla used to be complicated but not with SimpleScripts anymore.

With the smart installer function, SimpleSripts will automatically checks to make sure your web host is compatible upon installation; also, web software updates are done within seconds as SimpleScripts will take care of all the dirty work back scene.

What’s good about having both Fantastico and Simple Scripts?

Both Fantastico and Simple Scripts cover a wide range of open source web application.

By having both services in your web hosting simply means you have more choices. Take CMS for example, Simple Scripts include Joomla, Drupal, MODx, and e107; while for Fantastico: Joomla, GeekLog, Mambo, phpNuke, phpWCMS, phpWebsite, Drupal, Post-Nuke, SiteFrame, and Xoops - that’s 12 CMS application for Bluehost customers.

Bluehost hosting support a wide range of multimedia features that other web hosting companies can’t compare. In fact, Bluehost is my top recommendation to all webmasters who’re planning to publish multimedia content intensively.

Multimedia Features support by Bluehost

In a quick glance, here’re the multimedia features supported by Bluehost hosting:

• Supports Streaming Video
• Supports Streaming Audio
• Real Audio & Video Support
• Flash Support
• Macromedia Shockwave
• MIDI File Support

I would say it’s pretty comprehensive and I have all the features I need with Bluehost.

The non-www and www pages used to be a critical treat to SEO works as Google sees it as two different pages and assign two different page rank to the same page.

Generally, the problem has now been solved within Google (by sorting out the issue in their algorithm and introducing Google Webmaster Tools).

Nevertheless, it is more professional to have a standardized website URL thus redirecting non-www pages to www is still necessary.

Redirect with .htaccess files at Bluehost

One good thing about hosting with Bluehost is that Bluehost users are allowed to access (create/modify/delete) the .htaccess files at root. Hence, redirecting all non-www web pages to www counterpart is easy.

Here’s what you need to do:

1. Create or locate your .htaccess file

A .htaccess file is an Apache directory-level configuration file which can be used to password protect or redirect files. To redirect your non-www pages, you will first need to create or locate the .htaccess file. If it doesn’t exist, create it on your Bluehost root (yes, this means public_html in Bluehost); if it exist, open it with wordpad or any other text editing software.

2. Add the following lines to your .htaccess file

Replacing ‘example.com’ with your website domain, copy and paste the lines below to your .htaccess file. Save and replace the original file at your root folder and you’re now done.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.example\.com [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*) http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

To test, simply type in the non-www URL of your website to your Internet browser and see your web URL being redirect to the www.

As mentioned in my previous post, Bluehost offers shared SSL certs in all hosting plans. Your secured pages, using shared SSL certificate, would appear something like this: https://secure.bluehost.com/~yourunixusername.

However if you wish to have a private SSL cert then you’ll need to pay extra for the private SSL purchase.

What are needed for a private SSL at Bluehost?

To run your website on a private SSL, your website will need a dedicated IP address and a private SSL certificate. BlueHost recommends and sells exclusively Rapid SSL Cert.’s. Rapid SSL Certificates use 128 bit encryption to secure and protect your websites data from hackers, where it’s best used for accepting credit card payments online.

From what I see, another good thing about Rapid SSL is that the certification offers $10,000 of warranty in cash. The cert is as well 99% browser recognition rate where major Internet browser like IE 5.01+, AOL 5+, Netscape 4.7+, Opera 7+, Safari, Mozilla 1+, and Firefox 1+ are well supported.

The price

Rapid SSL certificate cost $45 annually; while the dedicated IP address will cost you extra $30 per year.

How to purchase a SSL cert at Bluehost?

First, you’ll need to have a hosting account with Bluehost. (Purchase Bluehost, click here for special promo link)

Then, you’ll need to contact Bluehost support for the purchase/installation of dedicated IP and private SSL certificates. To expedite your order please be sure to have or include the cPanel password and last four digits of the credit card number on file as they are required for validation.

What’s Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and secure server?

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the standard security system that build encrypted communication between a web server and a web client (web browser). The secured communication is done by having both web server and client authentication and the negotiation of an encryption algo and cryptographic keys.

What can a secure server do for your website?

Generally, a secure server allows you to conduct e-commerce activities such like payment transactions in a safer enviroment. The SSL provides a safer passage of information where data passing thru is harder to be decoded by third party.

From user point of view, it feels much safe to shop at a website with SSL (users see a padlock at the bottom of web browser as well as seeing the URL starting with https://) and thus might most probably, increase your website conversion rate.

Does Bluehost offers SSL certification?

Quick answer: Yes, Bluehost does offer Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate.

In fact, the shared SSL certificate is included in Bluehostshared hosting account standard features. Your secured pages would appear something like this: https://secure.bluehost.com/~yourunixusername.

How about private SSL?

Yes, you can obtain a private SSL at Bluehost. However the private SSL features will require your website to be hosted on a dedicated IP, which will cost an extra $30 annually. On top of that a private SSL certificate will cost another $45 annually.

To get a private SSL certificate, here’s what you need to do*:

1) Create an ‘admin@yourdomain.com’ email address through the Email Manager in your control panel.

2) In the SSL Manager in your control panel, select ‘Private Keys (KEY)’. Under ‘Generate a New Key’, select your main domain from the dropdown box and click the ‘Generate’ button.

3) Go back to the SSL Manager main screen, and select ‘Certificate Signing Requests (CSR)’. Under ‘Generate a New Certificate Signing Request’, your www.maindomain.com should be in the Host box. Under country, enter your 2 letter country code (US, GB, FI, etc). The rest are self explanatory, down to the Passphrase box. Enter any password between 5-15 characters, using only numbers, and upper and lowercase letters.

Once these steps are complete, please send us a ticket including either the password or the last four digits of the credit card on file, and our Level 2 staff will take care of it within 24-48 hours. Depending on security protocols, you may be asked to monitor the admin@maindomain.com email address you created for a period of time, during the course of installation.

* Reference: Bluehost Helpdesk